{"id":1733,"date":"2012-03-21T01:53:00","date_gmt":"2012-03-21T01:53:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/ata-divisions.org\/S_TD\/wp\/2012\/03\/21\/translating-technical-manuals-what-are-they-what-are-they-used-for\/"},"modified":"2017-03-13T18:42:11","modified_gmt":"2017-03-13T18:42:11","slug":"translating-technical-manuals-what-are-they-what-are-they-used-for","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/ata-divisions.org\/S_TD\/2012\/03\/21\/translating-technical-manuals-what-are-they-what-are-they-used-for\/","title":{"rendered":"Translating Technical Manuals:   What are they? What are they used for?"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><span style=\"font-family:arial;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">By Jo\u00e3o Roque Dias, CT<\/span><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><br \/>Technical Translator<\/span><br style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">Lisbon \u2013 Portugal <\/span><br style=\"font-weight: bold;\"><span style=\"font-weight: bold;\">www.jrdias.com<\/span><\/p>\n<p>Edited by Peter Ingham<br \/>Lisbon \u2013 Portugal<br \/>peter.ingham@netcabo.pt <\/span><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>  <w:worddocument>   <w:view>Normal<\/w:View>   <w:zoom>0<\/w:Zoom>   <w:trackmoves\/>   <w:trackformatting\/>   <w:punctuationkerning\/>   <w:validateagainstschemas\/>   <w:saveifxmlinval>false<\/w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>   <w:ignoremixedcontent>false<\/w:IgnoreMixedContent>   <w:alwaysshowplaceholdertext>false<\/w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>   <w:donotpromoteqf\/>   <w:lidthemeother>EN-GB<\/w:LidThemeOther>   <w:lidthemeasian>X-NONE<\/w:LidThemeAsian>   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Roman&quot;;color:black;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB; mso-fareast-language:EN-GB;mso-bidi-language:AR-SA\"><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  ><\/span><\/p>\n<p><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >So, what are technical manuals?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >They are not some literary work with a few technical buzzwords. They\u2019re simply a roadmap for the user of the system they refer to. Their purpose is to convey information. Remember: you don\u2019t read technical manuals for pleasure; you USE technical manuals because you NEED TO KNOW what they tell you. The translators of technical manuals must keep this in perspective. Otherwise, they become useless pieces of cheap literature.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Who writes technical manuals?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Professional technical writers with in-depth knowledge of the subject matter, impeccable writing skills, and an excellent command of the \u201cmanual style.\u201d Or, at least, that\u2019s who should write them. Reality is a bit different:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  > <\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-top:0in\" type=\"disc\">\n<li style=\"mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Some      know little about the subject and get the user confused about what to do      and not to do<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Some      are still learning how to write<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"mso-list:l2 level1 lfo1;tab-stops:list .5in\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >\u201cStyle\u201d      is reduced to a boring repetition of warning sentences and a mix of      technical and legal words<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  > <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Who translates technical manuals?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >You\u2019re right! Professional technical translators with a deep knowledge of the subject matter, impeccable writing skills and an excellent command of the \u201cmanual style.\u201d Again, at least, that\u2019s who should translate them. In the real world, however:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  > <\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-top:0in\" type=\"disc\">\n<li style=\"mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .5in\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Some      translators have no idea of what they\u2019re translating\u2026<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .5in\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Basic      technical concepts (that should show in the translated text) are simply      left out<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"mso-list:l0 level1 lfo2;tab-stops:list .5in\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >\u201cStyle\u201d      is reduced to a simple \u201cword by word translation\u201d (the dictionary translation      syndrome)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  > <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >I have a manual to translate. Now what?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Do you know the subject matter? How well? If you\u2019re unfamiliar with the subject matter and if to get well into it seems impossible or impracticable, be honest and don\u2019t accept the assignment. You\u2019ll save your client and yourself a lot of trouble and embarrassment.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  > <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >I know the subject matter, and I still have the manual to translate. Any clues?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Read it! From top to bottom! Period. Outside the environment where the manual was produced, you\u2019re probably the first person to read it. Everything in it has to make sense to you. Everything! Otherwise, how are you going to convey to others who speak your language the \u201cmeat\u201d of the manual?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  > <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >OK! I\u2019ve read it. Now what?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Establish the style of your translation. Which may be different from the one used in the source copy:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  > <\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-top:0in\" type=\"disc\">\n<li style=\"mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >An      \u201cinformal\u201d style may not translate well into your mother tongue<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Use      the infinitive or the imperative form, as appropriate or customary in the      technical world of the destination country of the manual<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"mso-list:l1 level1 lfo3;tab-stops:list .5in\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Get      familiar with the world where the manual is going to be used: the \u201csales      office\u201d of the source copy may have to become the \u201crepresentative\u201d or the      \u201cdealer\u201d in your translation<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  > <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >My manual has lots of words related to buttons, dials and displays.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Should I translate these?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >I\u2019m glad you asked. Because, most translators don\u2019t! Call your client and find out if the lettering on the buttons and dials and the text in the displays are going to be translated as well. Usually, they\u2019re not! For economy reasons, they claim. So, if you translate \u201cLOWER\u201d or \u201cLEFT\u201d into your language, the poor operator will be left looking for a button that doesn\u2019t exist. He\/she is there to operate the machine. Not to do any translation. That\u2019s your job! Do it well!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  > <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  ><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\" font-weight: bold;font-family:arial;\" >DANGER<br \/>WARNING<br \/>CAUTION<br \/>NOTICE<\/span><\/p>\n<p><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  ><\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >How should I translate these words?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Get familiar with the standards governing the usage of these \u201csafety words\u201d, both in the source country and the target country. Safety words should NEVER be translated by looking them up in a bilingual dictionary. For instance, WARNING is a word that should convey the meaning of a less hazardous situation than DANGER (i.e., life threatening), but more dangerous than CAUTION (i.e., minor bodily injury and damage to the equipment). So, what is the right word in your language that conveys the same meaning and preserves the hierarchy of these safety words?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  > <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Should I convert the units of measurement that appear in my manual?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Is there legislation in your country about this? Yes, if that makes them usable by the user. But if the user is to press a button, when the needle of a pressure gauge (graduated in PSI) reaches 120 PSI, converting this to kPa (i.e., kilopascal) will leave the poor guy\/girl looking for something that doesn\u2019t exist. When it comes to units, there are 3 basic rules for the translator:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  > <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >1. Learn the ropes about units of weight and measurement.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >2. Make units usable. Quite often, this means not doing anything to them.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >3. Avoid surprises! Ask your client what should be done about the units in the manual. Always!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  > <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >My client sent me a list of words that are the captions for the illustrations of a manual. Now what?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Don\u2019t touch them, until you see the illustrations. That\u2019s if you want to provide a quality translation. Would you buy a house, just based on its description?<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  > <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >My manual has some words that I can\u2019t find in any of my dictionaries. Now what?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Before calling your client for assistance, look in the Yellow Pages, remember them?! <span style=\"mso-spacerun:yes\"> <\/span>We still get them in print in Portugal with great images, which make them excellent reference books. Maybe you never thought about it, but they\u2019re the only \u201cgeneral technical dictionary\u201d updated every year by the people who use the terminology themselves. I have several of these books in several languages in my library. They\u2019re simply invaluable!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  > <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >The manual sent to me looks just great. I\u2019m sure that it\u2019s well written and that its translation will not be that difficult\u2026<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >You know what they say: \u201cbeauty is only skin deep.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Under a glossy print and a 6-color cover, look for little things like:<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  > <\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"margin-top:0in\" type=\"disc\">\n<li style=\"mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list .5in\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Poor      copy written in \u201cinternational\u201d English<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list .5in\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Unclear      sentences (English may be the writer\u2019s second language)<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list .5in\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Unusual      acronyms\/abbreviations known but to God<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list .5in\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Wrong      captions in the illustrations<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list .5in\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Graphs      with wrong information, labels or values<\/span><\/li>\n<li style=\"mso-list:l3 level1 lfo4;tab-stops:list .5in\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >110 V      power outlets in machinery exported to Europe (?)<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  > <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Some \u201clittle things\u201d in the manual don\u2019t look right to me. Why?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Typographic style is different from country to country. A few examples: text in spines is set differently in the US and in Europe; and in Europe, periods and commas are set outside quotation marks, while in the US they\u2019re set inside. Get those little things right!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  > <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >My manual asks the user to comply with American regulations, like OSHA, ANSI, NFPA, CFR, etc.<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >First, do you know what those acronyms mean? You should.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Second, if they refer to materials, you\u2019re OK. But, if you ask people in your country to comply with foreign laws and regulations, something is wrong. Within proper context, OSHA may become \u201cthe company\u2019s safety regulations\u201d and the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) may be best translated as the appropriate equivalent code used in your country. Find out. <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  > <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >My manuals include several references to other publications (either from the same company or just trade publications). I should translate their names, right?<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >No! Not unless they\u2019ve already been translated and you know their title in your own language. Otherwise, people interested in referring to those publications will not be able to locate them. Again, the name of the game in the world of technical manuals is \u201cevery piece of information should be presented in a way that makes it usable.\u201d Anything less will turn any useful information into just a bunch of \u201cfiller words.\u201d<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  > <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >The manual sent to me includes a 3-page warranty section. Looks easy!<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Don\u2019t be fooled about how easy a legal text looks like. For non-lawyers, legal texts will always be incomprehensible. If you still want to do it yourself, ask your client to have it reviewed by a specialist in the area. Or, at least, have your lawyer friend go through your translation. I call it common sense!<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  > <\/span><\/p>\n<p><b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\"><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >And a one-page \u201cEC Certificate of Conformity\u201d required by some EEC, EC or EU Directive; in my last manual, this was called \u201cDeclaration of Conformity\u201d\u2026<\/span><\/b><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >\u201cCertificate\u201d and \u201cDeclaration\u201d are both used. EC (European Commission) Directives have the \u201cEEC\u201d or \u201cEC\u201d designator in its official reference number. Leave this as it is. Refer to the name of the Directives by their official designation (there are 23 official names for each Directive). So, get some EU Directives in several languages from the EU official website (see the URL below). They have all the correct, validated terminology you need. Save yourself some time and provide your client with a top-notch translation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  >Access all European Union law at: <b style=\"mso-bidi-font-weight:normal\">https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/<\/b><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  > <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  > <\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"Arial&quot;,&quot;sans-serif&quot;font-family:&quot;;font-size:11.0pt;\" lang=\"EN-US\"  > <\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-CGEKrK4Mo9A\/T2k1_G4X9sI\/AAAAAAAAAIg\/g-3kin6hWuo\/s1600\/jrd-facebook-2011-4.jpg\" data-rel=\"penci-gallery-image-content\" ><img decoding=\"async\" style=\"float: left; margin: 0pt 10px 10px 0pt; cursor: pointer; width: 103px; height: 127px;\" src=\"https:\/\/3.bp.blogspot.com\/-CGEKrK4Mo9A\/T2k1_G4X9sI\/AAAAAAAAAIg\/g-3kin6hWuo\/s320\/jrd-facebook-2011-4.jpg\" alt=\"\" id=\"BLOGGER_PHOTO_ID_5722164159846020802\" border=\"0\" \/><\/a><span><span lang=\"EN-US\">Joao Roque Dias is a mechanical engineer and technical translator. He has worked for several engineering, consulting, and construction companies in Portugal, Israel, Denmark, the U.S., Bermuda, and Mozambique. He is a member of the American Society for Testing and Materials. He has been an independent translator since 1989, and an ATA-certified English&gt;Portuguese translator since 2001. He was the keynote speaker at the Third Associa\u00e7\u00e3o Brasileira de Tradutores e Int\u00e9rpretes International Translation and Interpreting Conference (Porto Alegre, Brazil). He is the author of several articles and glossaries related to technical translation and mechanical engineering and has made numerous presentations in the ATA Annual Conferences.<\/span><\/span><span lang=\"EN-US\"> <\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>By Jo\u00e3o Roque Dias, CTTechnical TranslatorLisbon \u2013 Portugal www.jrdias.com Edited by Peter InghamLisbon \u2013 Portugalpeter.ingham@netcabo.pt So, what are technical manuals? They are not some literary work with a few technical buzzwords. They\u2019re simply a roadmap for the user of the system they refer to. Their purpose is to convey information. Remember: you don\u2019t read technical manuals for pleasure; you USE technical manuals because you NEED TO KNOW what they tell you. The translators of technical manuals must keep this in perspective. Otherwise, they become useless pieces of cheap literature. Who writes technical manuals? Professional technical writers with in-depth knowledge of&hellip;<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_lmt_disableupdate":"","_lmt_disable":"","ngg_post_thumbnail":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[255],"class_list":["post-1733","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-blog","tag-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/ata-divisions.org\/S_TD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1733","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/ata-divisions.org\/S_TD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/ata-divisions.org\/S_TD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ata-divisions.org\/S_TD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ata-divisions.org\/S_TD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1733"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/ata-divisions.org\/S_TD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1733\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1894,"href":"https:\/\/ata-divisions.org\/S_TD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1733\/revisions\/1894"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/ata-divisions.org\/S_TD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1733"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ata-divisions.org\/S_TD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1733"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/ata-divisions.org\/S_TD\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1733"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}